Failure Of Gun Control Laws Essays - , Term Papers

Failure of Gun Control Laws Americans are faced with an ever-growing problem of violence. Our streets have become a battleground where the elderly are beaten for their social security checks, where terrified women are viciously attacked and raped, where teen-age gangsters shoot it out for a patch of turf to sell their illegal drugs, and where innocent children are caught daily in the crossfire of drive-by shootings. We cannot ignore the damage that these criminals are doing to our society, and we must take actions to stop these horrors. However, the effort by some misguided individuals to eliminate the legal ownership of firearms does not address the real problem at hand, and simply disarms the innocent law-abiding citizens who are most in need of a form of self-defense. To fully understand the reasons behind the gun control efforts, we must look at the history of our country, and the role firearms have played in it. The second amendment to the Constitution of the United States makes firearm ownership legal in this country. There were good reasons for this freedom, reasons which persist today. Firearms in the new world were used initially for hunting, and occasionally for self-defense. However, when the colonists felt that the burden of British oppression was too much for them to bear, they picked up their personal firearms and went to war. Standing against the British armies, these rebels found themselves opposed by the greatest military force in the world at that time. The 18th century witnessed the height of the British Empire, but the rough band of colonial freedom fighters discovered the power of the Minuteman, the average American gun owner. These Minutemen, so named because they would pick up their personal guns and jump to the defense of their country on a minute's notice, served a major part in winning the American Revolution. The founding fathers of this country understood that an armed populace was instrumental in fighting off oppression, and they made the right to keep and bear arms a constitutionally guaranteed right. Over the years, some of the reasons for owning firearms have changed. As our country grew into a strong nation, we expanded westward, exploring the wilderness, and building new towns on the frontier. Typically, these new towns were far away from the centers of civilization, and the only law they had was dispensed by townsfolk through the barrel of a gun. Crime existed, but could be minimized when the townspeople fought back against the criminals. Eventually, these organized townspeople developed police forces as their towns grew in size. Fewer people carried their firearms on the street, but the firearms were always there, ready to be used in self-defense. It was after the Civil War that the first gun-control advocates came into existence. These were southern leaders who were afraid that the newly freed black slaves would assert their newfound political rights, and these leaders wanted to make it easier to oppress the free blacks. This oppression was accomplished by passing laws making it illegal in many places for black people to own firearms. With that effort, they assured themselves that the black population would be subject to their control, and would not have the ability to fight back. At the same time, the people who were most intent on denying black people their basic rights walked around with their firearms, making it impossible to resist their efforts. An unarmed man stands little chance against an armed one, and these armed men saw their plans work completely. It was a full century before the civil rights activists of the 1960s were able to restore the constitutional freedoms that blacks in this country were granted in the 1860s. Today's gun control activists are a slightly different breed. They claim that gun violence in this country has gotten to a point where something must be done to stop it. They would like to see criminals disarmed, and they want the random violence to stop. I agree with their sentiments. However, they are going about it in the wrong way. While claiming that they want to take guns out of the hands of criminals, they work to pass legislation that would take the guns out of the hands of law-abiding citizens instead. For this reason the

Free Essays on Lee Iacocca

Biography of Lee Iacocca Lee Iacocca was a leader and now a historian of leadership qualities. Iacocca was born on October 15, 1924, at Allentown, PA, as the second child to Nicola and Antionette Iacocca. His birth name was Lido Anthony Iacocca, but he later known as â€Å"Lee." His father became known in Allentown as a hard-driving businessperson, opening restaurant and rental car company, among other interest. Iacocca worked and went to school, graduating in 1945 from Leigh University. In 1946, he earned a master’s degree in engineering from Princeton University. In that same year, Iacocca went to work at Ford Motor Company as a training engineer. After nine months, he decided engineering was not for him. He felt that being a salesperson at Ford would better suit him. This started his climbing to the top at Ford. At age thirty-six he was the general manager of the biggest division in the second largest automobile company. Iacocca organized the Fairlane Committee that consisted of young engineers and himself. He soon became known as â€Å"The father of the Mustang.† The Fairlane Committee and Iacocca made the 1964  ½ Mustang. After the creation of the Mustang, he worked his way through the company, becoming the general manager of Ford division and vice president of the company in 1960. Iacocca became president in 1970, but his relationship with Henry Ford cost his job in 1978. Soon after termination he secured a job as president of the struggling Chrysler, which at that time manufactured gas-guzzling vehicles during rising gas prices. The company faced bankruptcy, but Iacocca would not give up. He approached the U.S. Congress for financial assistance. Congress agreed to $1.5 billion in loan guarantees if Chrysler could raise another $2 billion in capital. It did, and the 1981 fiscal year showed a small profit. In 1984, Chrysler generated $2.4 billion in profits after reforming its vehicles and entire company. I... Free Essays on Lee Iacocca Free Essays on Lee Iacocca Biography of Lee Iacocca Lee Iacocca was a leader and now a historian of leadership qualities. Iacocca was born on October 15, 1924, at Allentown, PA, as the second child to Nicola and Antionette Iacocca. His birth name was Lido Anthony Iacocca, but he later known as â€Å"Lee." His father became known in Allentown as a hard-driving businessperson, opening restaurant and rental car company, among other interest. Iacocca worked and went to school, graduating in 1945 from Leigh University. In 1946, he earned a master’s degree in engineering from Princeton University. In that same year, Iacocca went to work at Ford Motor Company as a training engineer. After nine months, he decided engineering was not for him. He felt that being a salesperson at Ford would better suit him. This started his climbing to the top at Ford. At age thirty-six he was the general manager of the biggest division in the second largest automobile company. Iacocca organized the Fairlane Committee that consisted of young engineers and himself. He soon became known as â€Å"The father of the Mustang.† The Fairlane Committee and Iacocca made the 1964  ½ Mustang. After the creation of the Mustang, he worked his way through the company, becoming the general manager of Ford division and vice president of the company in 1960. Iacocca became president in 1970, but his relationship with Henry Ford cost his job in 1978. Soon after termination he secured a job as president of the struggling Chrysler, which at that time manufactured gas-guzzling vehicles during rising gas prices. The company faced bankruptcy, but Iacocca would not give up. He approached the U.S. Congress for financial assistance. Congress agreed to $1.5 billion in loan guarantees if Chrysler could raise another $2 billion in capital. It did, and the 1981 fiscal year showed a small profit. In 1984, Chrysler generated $2.4 billion in profits after reforming its vehicles and entire company. I...

Understanding the international marketing environment Essay

Understanding the international marketing environment - Essay Example Global marketing has become a popular subject of research and analysis due to increasing number of companies starting their operations in various countries. The increasing trend of globalization of the world economy, international marketing has become an essentiality for survival of all organizations irrespective of being big or small as previously multinational companies used to enjoy the benefits of international business (Lee and Carter, 2009). The major trend today is growing internationalization of international business contrary to 1950’s when major form of international business was exporting by national firms (Terpstra, 1985). The essential elements of effective international marketing are the ability to interpret the business environment, recognize the foreign market opportunities and appreciate how the firm’s resources can best be used to match and develop patterns of market demand (Gilligan and Hird, 1986). International Marketing is the process of planning a nd conducting transactions across national borders to create exchanges that satisfy the objectives of individuals and organizations (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2007). International marketing environment includes various factors like political, legal, environment and economic. However the present paper critically analyses the network theory model of internalization and evaluate the effects of climate differences and differing levels of disposable income on the business and how it influences the design of firms’ marketing campaign.... Network theory was initially developed in the context of industrial marketing to explain how firms connect to each other and develop long term relationships as opposed to conventional transaction-only approach dominant in marketing theory. This suggests that firms do not enter international markets as standalone actors but instead are part of network of other firms providing them the chance to internationalize their operations in various parts of the world (Baker and Hart, 2007). Gummesson (2006) mentioned that network theory has primarily attracted attention in business to business marketing which has been extended further to marketing in general. It is further stated that general network theory categorizes all of us as nodes in a network of relationships in which we interact and form clusters which further form organizations and corporations. Gummesson (2002) further states that total relationship marketing is a synthesis of contributions from several marketing and management theor ies and practices and network theory of business to business marketing has been an important source of inspiration from relationship marketing. Organizations in the present economy depend mostly of marketing their products and services. The successful organizations have been able to make it big because of their marketing ability to promote their products in the international arena. Companies marketing their products and services through hiring of public figures as brand ambassadors, providing opportunity for small businesses to sell their goods and services as freelancers and media are all part of a network which is interconnected to make profits for the

Your Worst Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Your Worst Job - Essay Example However, when I started working, I came to realize that the job required one to work for 24 hours in a week. I wanted  to get enough money to meet my needs such as school fees and other miscellaneous expenses; thus  I decided to search for another job. I was also luck to get another one, which I worked for 9 hours a day in every weekend. However, the work was hectic, and it was far away from my hometown, the distance about three hours driving. The doctor could never understand the  need for  demanding extra hours especially in the weekend. This is because every time I could request him that I want to travel home earlier, but he could ask me in case I have another significant work at home. I felt nervous the first time the doctor started questioning me because I had already signed a lease on one of the doctor’s apartments, which was near to the place of work. This is because I was called at times by the doctor in order to help him in the office when there were many clients. So the doctor could question me in order to know the reasons, which  could make me to leave in a hurry every weekend to home but I always gave him excuses. Although the work was quite well at the beginning of the first week in both places of my work, the second week things started becoming different. The work in the doctor’s office was too much, and this made me work for long hours at times during the week days. The doctor could call me to write reports, arrange the files for patients and even make pay rolls for other employees. On the other hand, the rules in the other job were strict, and the office was quite different from that of the doctor’s office. This is because there were no cell phones in the office and the company never allowed any food in the work place. There were no incentives for working in the organization such as a free lunch or any other special gifts like Christmas or birthday gifts. However, my

Explain why United States based media conglomerates are so successful Essay

Explain why United States based media conglomerates are so successful on the world media markets - Essay Example Yet, the synthesis between the local and the global in content has become the order of the day as it is successfully adopted and implemented by the United States based media conglomerates. Since media plays a vital role in the cultural lives of millions of people and the fact that media sector is by and large controlled by American interests, there have been arguments in favour of the idea ‘cultural imperialism’. Although the central postulate of cultural imperialism thesis remains valid due to the lopsidedness in the global media market, the so-called cultural imperialism through the American cultural products cannot be seen as one sided as the theorists of cultural imperialism perspective understood it to be. In the light of the recent developments taking place in the media sector, especially the regional media in the developing countries and the changes bought by the new media technologies, this paper intends to examine the case of United States based media conglomerates and their role in what is happening around us. The core concern of the essay is to examine what is remaining relevant with the arguments and concerns regarding American media supremacy and the criticisms provided by the contesting theoretical doctrines from the vantage point of the tremendous transformations occurring with the global media conditions from the very beginning of twenty first century. The term global media denotes the collective of big media players and multinationals working in the integrated global media environment. They spread around the globe and significant share of the national markets and have the ability to pace up the opening up of new markets or even invent emergent markets. However, both global and local media organisations represent the characteristics of each other. Thussu (2007) has asserted that the development of

Pharmacists Role in Complementary Alternative Medicines

Pharmacists Role in Complementary Alternative Medicines Pharmacists Role in Complementary Alternative Medicines The first section of this paper will provide background information on the use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) and their associated risks and benefits. Additionally, information on the pharmacists’ role in CAMs and services in their pharmacies will be discussed. Next, the theory that potential ethical conflicts arise for pharmacists between keeping the health and wellbeing of clients and the community as their primary concern versus the prospect of turning a profit will be considered. Before concluding, other important ethical issues including duty of care, and liability will be discussed. Background The term CAM refers to any healing practise that doesn’t fall under the heading of conventional medicine. It encompasses not just pharmaceutical preparations, but diet, and traditional forms of health care including acupuncture, Chinese medicine, homeopathy, etc.1 In the past, people who sold CAMs were sometimes referred to as quacks, or someone who promotes unsupported methods that lack scientifically credible rational.2 CAMs were regarded as old wives tails, and their claims dismissed by the medical community.3   More recently CAMs have become a prominent feature in today’s health care regimens. In 2000 according to the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) 52 percent of Australians were using at least one non-prescribed complementary medicine.4 The Therapeutic Goods Act of 1989 effectively legitimised CAMs by allowing them to be entered into the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) as a listed medicine. They have to meet a lesser set of standards than conventional medicines, which is one of the major concerns of allopathic practioners.5 With the passing of this act, pharmacies could legitimately sell two types of products; medicines for which there is scientific evidence   (prescription and over the counter products) and unproven medications (some CAMs) that may lack efficacy.   There are many risks associated with using CAMS including direct risks, substitutions made, nonprofessional advice received, and unreliable diagnostic tests.6 In some cases, CAMs have caused serious harm. The adverse effects range from infection due to dirty acupuncture needles, altering the effectiveness of other pharmacologically proven agents, to death from chiropractic manipulation. Substitutions pose a great risk for serious conditions. Replacing conventional treatments with CAMs can lead to many adverse effects. For example, treating melanoma with a herbal ointment rather than surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy can have disastrous consequences. Some patients, especially those with life threatening illnesses, will try anything to improve their symptoms. Some CAM practitioners take advantage of this and recommend treatments that are very costly and at the expense of other proven treatments. Unproven tests include, but aren’t limited to, reflexology and electro-dermal t esting.6 The danger in this type of testing is the high likelihood of misdiagnosis.   Despite the large body of evidence in the scientific community of the poor efficacy of CAMs, there is some evidence for their use as seen in cranberry for urinary tract infections St. John’s Wart for depression and a variety of others.7 In 1993 Australians spent an estimated 1 billion dollars on CAMs and by 2000 that number had risen to 2.3 billion.8   Shockingly, only 57 percent of Australians reported or discussed the use of these products to their doctors.9 The potential dangers outlined above and these statistics show the need for a pharmacists intervention. Pharmacist’s Role Pharmacists are a vital part of the allopathic health care team, often being the first port of call for patients requesting CAMs.10   The community pharmacy is an ideal environment to deliver quality, cost effective, and professional services to the general public. Patient’s safety and access to this high quality care is of paramount importance.11 Pharmacists counsel life style choices, recommend an appropriate non-prescription medication, or refer patient’s to a physician to improve outcomes.12      When responding to enquiries about CAMs pharmacists need to consider a variety of issues. The customers’ cultural and social beliefs and desire to take control of their own treatment should be viewed non-judgementally. Pharmacists need to stay up to date, and be aware of evidence to support the use of different products. Information about CAMs should be provided on an evidence-based level so the most accurate information is delivered to the patient. Pharmacist s also need to be aware of potential interactions with conventional products, and report adverse drug reactions to both the Adverse Drug Reaction’s Committee and the product’s sponsor.7 Furthermore, pharmacists must remind patients that CAMs are medications and should be openly discussed so potential interactions and side effects can be identified. Ethics and profit In a 2005 study of 484 community pharmacists in New South Wales 77% of respondents personally used CAMs and said that they offered CAM products for sale in their pharmacies. A majority of the pharmacists believed CAMs enhanced customers’ image of the pharmacy and 87% reported they increased customer numbers and annual sales.13 From these results it is evident that a potential conflict between promoting and selling CAMs and ethics could arise. Pharmacists are intrinsically placed in an ethical dilemma daily. They have dual roles as health care providers and businesspeople. As health care professionals they are expected to provide a high level of unbiased health care, while their business side is expected to sell products and generate a profit. Professional and business roles are generally believed to be in conflict with each other and roles are traditionally viewed as being exclusive. According to Chappell et al community pharmacists are one of the few occupations where professional and business values co-exist.   They found no correlation between the value placed on business and the level of care or â€Å"professionalism† displayed by the pharmacists. This suggests pharmacists are able to act dually as a salesperson but still deliver professional information.14 The degree of professionalism has been called into question by Kennedy et al. They demonstrated that in some cases pharmacists, especially proprietors, sometimes recommend more expensive products when a cheaper generic version is available, but the overall outcome was satisfactory. All pharmacists recommended an appropriate treatment for the condition but the product selected differed among owners and employee pharmacists. Although the patient received a high level of care, the fact that he or she had a cheaper option calls the level of professionalism into question.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Further evidence for professionalism is seen in a study by Perepelkin et al. where they found pharmacists, regardless of their ownership structure, are professionally oriented in their practise. The difference in services provided was only seen in terms of professional autonomy, decision-making and amount of control. There was no difference in the amount of profit-driven goals between the groups.16 Similarly, in a recent study, Kronus found that pharmacists, regardless of their role orientations (business versus professional), were similarly motivated by service and income values. She suggested that the theoretical model suggesting that business is based on extrinsic values and professionalism is based on altruistic values should be revised when talking about pharmacy. She found altruism (professionalism) was the dominant factor in the field of pharmacy. Since most pharmacists are salaried employees there is little pressure to increase profit by pushing CAMs with no supporting evidence. It would be very easy to jump to the conclusion that the need to make a profit would in some way have a negative effect on pharmacy owners or employed pharmacists (reward systems) to act as independent ethical health care providers when CAMs are viewed as huge profit generators.17 Wingfield et al suggest that ‘ethics is so integrated and intrinsic to daily practise that there is no need to single ethical issues for special attention,’ as demonstrated by a lack of a journal dedicated to pharmacy ethics (there are ethical journals for medicine and nursing). Rather the ethical behaviour of the pharmacist is displayed in all aspects of daily practise culling the drive for profits.18 In Australia the behaviour of pharmacists is guided by the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia’s Code of Professional Conduct (PSACPC).7 Pharmacists sell CAMs in pharmacies that does give credibility to CAMs and to some extent promote their usage.   Also, pharmacists are in a unique position to influence the sale of certain products. For example, CAMs are used by 60 to 80% of oncology patients. According to the British Columbia Cancer Society the psychosocial needs of patients including ‘increased anxiety, need for information, maintenance of a sense of hope, a sense of control, negative experience with conventional medicine, and perceived holistic nature of complementary medicine,’ is the reason for the high percent of people using the medicine and not the availability of the product in pharmacies.19 Pharmacists don’t need to promote these products as psychosocial needs are very powerful and patients are clamouring for these medications in increasing numbers. Although the pharmacy is a business, business objectives wouldn’t necessarily suffer, as knowledgeable and honest patient counselli ng plays an important role in customer satisfaction and thus profitability. An unsatisfied customer would certainly seek another pharmacy.20 These satisfied customers will keep coming back to the pharmacy not just for CAMs but for prescription and personal products as well. This is a win-win situation for both the customer and the pharmacist who now has the opportunity to play an active role in the health of the patient as well as make a decent living. It is the pharmacist who provides the factual advice for patients who seek out these products. Through professionalism this temptation to take advantage of this behaviour is easily removed. Pharmacists develop close relationships with their customers by taking time to talk about medications. Professional orientation happens because patient counselling of all medications including CAMs is at the cornerstone of ethical pharmacy practice and high quality care. As previously stated, the pharmacist’s role in counselling in the use o f CAMs is the most effective in ensuring the health and safety of patients.   When counselling patients, pharmacists follow the PSACPC. By following the PSACPC pharmacists remain in the scope of their practice, are covered for malpractice liability for negligent care and for informed consent issues, and foremost, ensure the health and well-being of clients and the Australian community. Under the 9 key principles of PSACPC, counselling advice for CAM usage is about adhering to the principles of evidence based medicine and critically examining and honestly informing patients of unproven medications and therapies. Pharmacists must also respect the beliefs and judgements of patients and other health professionals while regarding the patient’s autonomy to make decisions regarding their own treatment but at the same time offering guidance and advice based on evidence-based information.21  Ã‚   Thus, when a pharmacist gives advice on the use of Cams based on PSACPC guidelines after considering clinical and patient factors there may be commercial benefits but they do not necessarily compromise the quality of the recommendations. In pharmacy, ethics and profit can and do exist without conflict in the sale of all products.   Duty of care regarding informed consent As outlined above a majority number of Australians are using and want to use CAMs. It is therefore the duty of pharmacists to discuss these treatments with their patients.22 A study in the US found almost three-quarters of the pharmacists surveyed worked in stores where herbal medicines were sold.23 Almost half of the pharmacists agreed with the statement, ‘herbal medicines are not accepted by the majority of my colleagues’ and only a quarter agreed with the statement ‘herbs are efficacious’.24 25 It can be seen that most pharmacists don’t believe in the products so recommending them is difficult. But, they have an ethical obligation to adhere to the PSACPC and respect the autonomy and dignity of the patient to make informed decisions.21 Once the pharmacist has disclosed and openly discussed the different treatment options his or her ethical obligation has been fulfilled. In the United States this is taken one step further.   It is a legal obligatio n for practioners to disclose information for CAMs if they are generally accepted within the medical community. Failure to do so can result in legal action.26 Liability in referring to CAMs Liability issues are new territory for pharmacists recommending CAMs to patients. Homeopathy, for example, is completely contradictory to the principles of modern pharmacology. The incompatibility of homeopathic paradigms with all of basic science must be taken into consideration.22   Keeping in line with the PSACPC, pharmacists cannot ethically recommend a product or service to which they know there is no evidence to support its use, and is not in the best interest in the health and well being of the patient or community. In Canada, The Pharmacy Code of Ethics requires pharmacists to never knowingly provide any products which are not good quality.27   In the United States medical practitioners can be held liable for referring patients to a CAM practitioner if they â€Å"should have known† the CAM practitioner might be â€Å"incompetent†. This shows that medical professionals are not just ethically but legally responsible for protecting patients from inferior medical treatments.28 CAM practitioners argue that their treatments are holistic and some of the therapeutic benefits are unmeasurable. Because western medicine supports evidence based on quantifiable outcomes the two doctrines of practise often clash. It is very difficult to compare the s piritual healing power of CAMs to the physical healing of western medicine.28 As long as the CAM treatment is not interfering with a patient’s level of care, there is no reason to discredit a potential treatment that may make a patient ‘feel’ better. An honest answer to the efficacy of a specific CAM and reporting that some people say it makes them feel better is the best course of action.     Further compounding the issue is the training level of the CAM providers. Most are not ‘health care professionals’ and have inadequate understating of biology, pharmacology, patho-physiology, and other sciences that govern western medicine. Since pharmacists cannot ethically refer a patient for a treatment that they believe may affect their health or wellbeing the ethical dilemma of whether to recommend this option is exacerbated. Although, a recent Canadian study reported only 2% of pharmacists felt they had adequate information about complementary and alternative health care, they are still better suited than CAMs to provide information on the prodcuts.10 A pharmacists guidance is based on principles 1 and 8 of the (PSACPC), advising patient of the scientific evidence available while still respecting their autonomy.28 Where CAM providers have no such code of ethics. Conclusion This paper examined the background issues associated with complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) and the associated risks and benefits that go along with them. Additionally, the pharmacists’ role in providing CAMs was discussed. The many ethical issues, including profit, although seemingly complex can and should be negotiated using the PSACPC guidelines. The introduction and sale of CAMs have not changed the pharmacist’s code of ethics where the patient’s well-being and health remains the focus. As CAMs are becoming more popular and accepted by the public, pharmacists need to have a high level of understanding of the many issues associated with them. The ethical issues pharmacists face daily are apparently being handled appropriately according the literature cited, and based on the public’s perception of pharmacists being one of the most trusted health professionals.

Shakespeares Macbeth does not Follow Aristotles Standards for a Trage

Macbeth does not Follow Aristotle's Standards for a Tragedy There have been many great tragic authors throughout history: Aeschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles from ancient Greece; Corneille and Hugo from France; Grillparzer and Schiller from Germany; and Marlowe, Webster, and Shakespeare from England. From this long list of men, Shakespeare is the most commonly known. Many Shakespearean critics agree that Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet are great tragedies. Many critics also claim that Macbeth is a tragedy, but if one follows Aristotle's standards for a tragedy, Macbeth would not be a tragedy To really determine if Macbeth is a tragedy according to Aristotle, one must first look at his guidelines. The majority of Aristotle's standards relate to the downfall of the central character. To set the character up for a downfall, Aristotle thought he or she should be of the middle class. This was because he felt the poor had nothing to lose. He also felt the downfall should be caused by a fatal flaw. Another characteristic Aristotle believed was important, was a conflict between the central character and a close friend or relative. According to him, the main character should also have an enlightenment at the moment of his or her downfall. Aristotle also believed that the feelings of pity and fear should be felt by the audience during the play. He thought that these feelings would lead to a catharsis, or release of emotions. Although most of Aristotle's characteristics of a tragedy had to do with the downfall, he had two that did not. First, he thought the central character should not be totally good or evil. This was based on the belief that the ruin of a totally good character would be too painful, and the ruin of a totally bad char... ... not even thank is wife for the plan that made him king. Due to Malcolm's final speech, the reader is left with positive, not negative feelings. Overall Macbeth is not a tragedy according the Aristotle's standards. Macbeth's downfall does follow the guidelines: he has something to lose, he has a downfall, and he has conflicts with his friends and relatives during his downfall. But, the heart of the play, which is the emotions created, just do not follow Aristotle's standards. The reader should feel pity, and grieve. Yet, there is no reason to feel this way because Macbeth is all evil, and in the end, the "good guy" is restored to power. Shakespeare put forth good effort in trying to make Macbeth a tragedy, but he came up too short. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Macbeth.† The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York: Longman, 1997.

History Paper 1877 – 1900

Over the years of 1877 to the 1900’s many changes were occurring. The Southern cities were changing faster than anyone could’ve imagined with new transportation, growing industries, and the end of slavery. Not to mention, the changing role of women. In the New South by the year 1880, steel and iron mills were progressing across the North. Railroad construction was fast paced in the 1880s. Comparing 1880 to 1890 the tracks had doubled with Texas and Georgia having the biggest growth. In 1886, an agreement was made to have a standardized width on the railroad tracks.This would help create a national transportation system. By creating this, the increasing demand of buying and selling goods would be fulfilled at a faster pace. Also, with this new transportation came new land for families to move into for work. The textile industry was growing significantly also because more people were traveling to the South. With immigrants and Southerners needing a steady form of income e ntrepreneurs took on the textile business not only to build good relationships with the people of the South but also to be less dependent on capital and manufactured products from the North.Tobacco was also a growing business with Virginia leading in the sales of chewing tobacco across the nation. When the discovery of bright-leaf tobacco was made, tobacco habits were changed into the form of cigarettes by James B. Duke. He had the first cigarette-making machine installed in his plant and by the year 1900, Duke’s tobacco company was controlling eighty percent of tobacco manufacturing in the United States. With these booming industries came low wages. The South experienced a downfall with the rise they were experiencing.Since the workers of the South were poorly paid they could not afford to buy much so the market in the South for manufactured goods was kept low as was the consumer demand. Low wages only brought in immigrants that were low-skilled so skilled laborers were more likely to go north and work complicated machinery to produce high-quality goods. The South had close to no capital reserves to expand leaving Northern financers to purchase the five major rail lines serving the South at a bargain after failing during a depression in the 1870s.Since the South was such a risk to invest in the textile industry stayed small-scale. On the other hand, the South’s largest industry, the lumber industry grew. Since it required little capital and provided unskilled laborers with a job, these raw materials were quickly produced. The tobacco industry unlike the textile industry avoided some turmoil. James B. Duke’s tobacco company was profitable enough to become its own bank. With enough capital to have the latest technologies on his plants, he was fortunate enough to buy out his competitors.In the late nineteenth century women began fighting to improve the status of women, sometimes by joining with men. Because women in the South were left with providing for their families when the South lost the war, some never wanting to depend on men again and others who dealt with Southern men who were shaken by defeat, they were not as motivated to campaign reform and threaten gender role changes. Despite such battles, southern women found opportunities in schools, and stores for example that expanded their social role twenty years after 1880.Women of the South, both black and white of the middle class, played important roles in civic work and reform. These middle class women began performing in activities ranging from lobbying for various causes, taking leadership on plenty of important issues and organizing clubs. Some of the first women’s clubs starting in the 1880s were self-improvement societies that did not care for reform. Women’s clubs grew and by 1890, most towns and cities had several women’s clubs. Some of the club’s and its members even began taking part in political issues.While both black and white women had their clubs, the activities of black women’s clubs were slightly different in comparison to the white women’s clubs. Black women’s clubs looked out for the women and children in their cities, supporting daycare facilities for working mothers and settlement houses in poor black neighborhoods. They also established homes for single black women so that they would not be an easy victim to sexual exploitation. Atlanta’s Neighborhood Union founded playgrounds, a health center and also received a grant to improve black education.These women also worked for woman suffrage. While both groups of women had strong beliefs and motives to speak their minds they rarely communicated with each other. Some white women would even use racial solidarity as a weapon to promote white women’s right to vote. They did this to prove the point that with white men and women’s votes combined they could further white interests. The black generation that ca me of age in this environment where blacks and whites could maintain cordial relations expected many privileges in society like the right to vote, work and attend school.Among these, they also wanted self-respect, dignity and to be considered equal to the white men and women. White southerners who came of age in this same environment saw blacks as the enemy. They wanted to preserve white purity and dominance. Because the tensions between blacks and whites continued to grow, not only on the view of equality but in jobs as well, violence against black people boomed in the 1890s. Some of these violent crimes included lynching. After two of the unspoken rules had been violated the lynchings started.White men began to see themselves as protectors of the weak, but it more importantly reinforced white solidarity and reminded the blacks that white supremacy ruled the South. When the Fifteenth Amendment guaranteed freedmen the right to vote, poll taxes, literacy test, understanding clause an d grandfather clause were all some of the disfranchising legislation that began to prevent blacks from voting. Blacks began moving to cities in the South where they could be somewhat free from white surveillance after feeling like American democracy had hung a â€Å"whites only† sign.Blacks began to create their own rich communities and the businesses and institutions they built during Reconstruction began to grow and some even flourish. By the year 1900, black southerners had less political power than they had before and were far more isolated from white southerners. Despite every obstacle, they were successful in building a comfortable community life and a rising middle class, all while being in a restricted environment.The changes brought over the time frame of 1877 to the 1900’s were the framework for some of the opportunities we have today. The South had plenty going on over the years, from building and trying to keep industries, to men and women moving into the S outhern cities with new opportunity that their ancestors did not have and Blacks fighting for their rights when white solidarity was having such a heavy effect on their lifestyles. The South was fast growing but holding itself back with segregation, and black disfranchisement.

10 College Tips for Freshman Women

10 College Tips for Freshman Women The best advice usually comes from someone whos been there, done that. So for guidance on how to make the most of your first year at college, who better to ask than a graduating senior? Emma Bilello shares insights shaped by personal experience in the first of three articles addressing the specific concerns of female students during freshman year. The following 10 tips can help ease the transition from high school to college and provide a heads-up on what to expect. Remember That First Impressions Can Be Misleading   At college, you are exposed to a whole new spectrum of different people from all over, many of whom are just as eager as you to make friends. Sometimes, though, the people you associate with during those first few weeks dont end up being the same group of friends you keep during your time in college. Get to know a person before you tell them things about yourself that you may not want everyone to know. This can go for guys you encounter as well. You may find yourself getting hurt if you believe a guy every time he tells you that he wants to spend the rest of his life with you. It is important, though, to not question the intentions of every person you meet. Give the College Experience a Chance Whether were talking about the people you meet or the college you attend, keep in mind that first impressions are not only misleading but can make you doubt yourself and your decision. Between missing your family and friends, and confronting the new-found academic challenges higher education brings, it is easy to believe that you hate college itself, or even the college you go to. While it may be rough in the beginning, if you allow yourself to look at the positives of being at college rather than the negatives, you will find your experience in the first few months to be a lot more enjoyable. Get involved with clubs or student government and go to events at your school to make new friends and get comfortable with the new environment youre in. Look at the change in difficulty of the coursework as challenging rather than impossible, and think of it as an opportunity to use your academic skills to their fullest potential. Of course, if you find yourself constantly struggling, seek help from your professor or teaching assistant. Dont Let Homesickness Consume You While its important to keep in contact with your family and friends back home, it is also completely natural (and expected) that youll be homesick. When we woke up the very first morning of my freshman year, the first thing we did was call home because we already missed our family. However, it is crucial not to immerse yourself in your life back home to the point where it begins to hinder your school work and your ability to make new friends. Cell phones, social networking sites, and programs such as Skype make it easier than ever to stay connected, but be sure to limit your use of these tools. Remember that there are plenty of other new college students who feel the exact same way you do (this may even be grounds for starting a conversation) and it will be hard to get to know some of them if youre ruminating on how much you want to be back home. Prioritize There are a lot of new experiences waiting for a girl when she starts college: new friends, roommates, different places, etc. With all of these new things happening all at once, it can be easy to get distracted. Although it is important to socialize and engage in activities outside of academic areas, it is equally important to remember that one of the main reasons you are in college is to get an education. Although going shopping with new friends is a lot more appealing than studying for an exam, in the long run the latter is the better choice. Similarly, avoiding procrastination is another often-stressed but key tip for being successful in college. If you develop time management skills as a freshman, even if you struggled in high school you are more than likely to keep these good habits throughout your college career. Be Aware of Your Surroundings This sounds like a given, but in a situation involving lots of people, it can be easy to lose track of what may be happening around you. If you are drinking at a party, opt to mix or pour your own drink or watch the person who is doing the mixing or pouring. If you have to step away from your drink for a few minutes, ask someone you trust to guard it or even hold it for you. Whether youre with a group or on your own, knowing what types of situations may put you at greater risk of rape or sexual assault on campus can help you avoid those scenarios. Go with your gut instincts and dont be afraid to look over your shoulder every once in a while when you are walking, especially if you are alone. Take Action to Protect Yourself   If you engage in consensual sexual activity at any time, make sure that you use protection. It is important to make sure that your partner is aware that you want to take this precaution upfront. If he refuses to condone to this, then simply dont get involved with him. Make sure you stand your ground with this decision too; dont give into the temptation of changing your mind if your partner tries to persuade you otherwise, or even if he verbally puts you down. Unwanted pregnancy is not the only reason for this; according to the Sexual Health Awareness Group, college students have a high vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases. More and more colleges across the country are making condoms easily accessible to students some even provide them for free. Dont Be Afraid to Say No   We have found that college can sometimes be just as much of a cooker for peer pressure as high school, and it can be easier to give in because there isnt always a person of authority in close proximity. If you find yourself in a situation that is making you even a little uncomfortable or if you feel that it might lead to something that will make you uncomfortable, dont be afraid to say no or even remove yourself from the situation entirely. Be Wise During Night Time Travels   At times, you may find yourself having to venture around your campus at night, whether its for an evening class or a late-night snack. Whatever the reason, if you find yourself having to walk somewhere at night, bring a friend with you whenever possible. If this isnt an option,  make sure you have your cell phone with you  and have your campuss security number programmed in your phone. Walk in a well-lit area and avoid shortcuts that take you into dark or less-traveled areas, no matter how convenient they may seem. Try Not to Act on Impulse This tip can apply to any of the areas mentioned previously. Think through a situation as thoroughly as you can before making a decision to do (or not do) something. Sleeping in instead of going to class may seem appealing at eight in the morning, but when your absences start to stack up and affect your grade, youre going to wish that you had simply gotten out of bed and gone to class. (We have found that once we drag ourselves out of bed and get moving in the morning, the tiredness quickly wears off, sometimes as soon as I leave my dorm.) Having unprotected sex may come across as more convenient or fun at first, but there can be serious consequences involved. Taking a few minutes to think a decision through before you act is a lot easier than dealing with the aftereffects of something that seemed like a good idea at the time. Be Aware of the Resources Available to You Just because youre in college and are considered an adult doesnt mean that it isnt okay to ask for help. Whether it be academic or personal, your college is full of people or groups that are willing to accommodate you in any area that you may need. If you arent sure who exactly you can go to for help, ask someone such as your Resident Advisor to direct you to the appropriate person or people. Sources Meyerson, Jamie.  Testing, Prevention Important For Lowering College STD Rates.  Cornell Daily Sun. 26 March 2008.

Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction

Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction This paper analyzes the article by Fatimah Al-Kathiri called â€Å"Beyond the Classroom Walls: Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction, Attitudes and Challenges† that was published in English Language Teaching journal in 2015.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author describes the research of the employment of a digital tool called Edmodo in order to enhance the learning of English language and tests the suitability and efficiency of Edmodo. The article’s title clearly reflects the focus and purpose of the research – to test the use of Edmodo in the classroom, mentions its location. The author explores a very popular subject use of the internet and digital technologies in the teaching process. Al-Kathiri starts with the establishment of the advantages of Edmodo confirmed by the researches of o ther scholars. These benefits include ability of the teacher and the students to interact beyond classroom, time saving possibility of sending and completing assignments online, and access to a variety of teaching methods and tools through the internet (Al-Kathiri, 2015). Describing the disadvantages of Edmodo, Al-Kathiri (2015) mentions the lack of the teachers’ computer skills, unavailability of fast internet connection and modern digital devices, negative impact on health, and absence of body language present in real life interaction. The results of Al-Kathiri’s research show that Edmodo is a useful tool for both teachers and students. Chada Kongchan presented a similar research. She tested the benefits and obstacles of the use of Edmodo in a Thai classroom. The main difference between the two works is that Al-Kathiri evaluates the results and impressions of the students, while Kongchan includes the teacher’s perceptions into the calculation of results, and t ests the difficulty of Edmodo adoption for a 57-year old educator (Kongchan, 2012).Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The introduction of the analyzed article is relevant as it explains what Edmodo is, how it works and why its applicability in education is studied. The conclusion sums up the findings and adds recommendations to the use of Edmodo in EFL, but does not mention the results of the research directly. The article demonstrates both positive and negative sides of the use of Edmodo, the aspects of its employment that challenged the learners and teachers the most. There is no biased interpretation of facts. The author makes a claim about the Theory of Constructivism developed by Vygotsky and connects the idea of collaborative problem –solving to the group work online (Al-Kathiri, 2015). The author emphasizes that Edmodo as well as other digital teaching tools employs social learning which makes them especially efficient. The claim is relevant and to the point. The vast majority of works cited by Al-Kathiri are reliable and recent, not older than 2000. Moreover, all of the sources referenced in the article are scholarly and reliable. Besides, the author refers to the works of the scholars of diverse background, not only the authors of Saudi Arabia. The only old source used dates back to 1984 and is included as the source of a definition of the concept of attitude, which practically does not make it unreliable. The article is well built and provides logical and clear research with explained purposes, results and findings. The study’s design includes introduction of the paper, exploration of the subject and its importance, description of the research process, presentation and discussion of the results. At the same time, I noticed a lot of misprints in the text of the article (missing spaces mainly). The research presented by A l-Kathiri is relevant and significant for the field of education. The presentation and calculations are made without major flaws or errors. Control group was created to measure the results. The sample of the research featured the secondary students of Saudi Arabian female school.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The methods it employs are questionnaire, quantitative and qualitative analysis. The experiment can be replicated by another scholar. Discussing the results, Al-Kathiri presents the before and after data in tables and analyzes the variables in each section comparing them with each other to determine the level of success of the use of Edmodo. The research collects statistics from 42 students and presents a specific sample of Edmodo’s efficiency in a particular group of learners, for wider statistics one is to co mpare the results of similar studies in other countries and among the learners of both sexes and different ages. The author’s research does not only prove the efficiency to the use of Edmodo in the classroom, but also reveals the major challenges to the implementation of changes such as small screens of devices or slow internet connection. I find it clever that the author posted both positive and negative responses of the participants considering Edmodo. Besides, the author uses a lot of references and quotes many similar researchers; this creates connectedness between her paper and all the other studies and emphasizes the importance and popularity of her subject. The aspect that confused me was the inclusion of â€Å"attitude towards EFL† scale into the questionnaire estimating advantages and disadvantages of Edmodo. In conclusion, the article by Al-Kathiri explores a significant issue of the integration of the modern technologies into the teaching process. The resear ch presented is reliable, careful and bias free. The sources the author relied on are valid, diverse, recent and scholarly. The research can be duplicated by another party willing to test the efficiency of Edmodo in EFL or any other discipline. Overall choice of subject is contemporary and important. Reference List Al-Kathiri, F. (2015). Beyond the Classroom Walls: Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction, Attitudes and Challenges. English Language Teaching, 8(1), 189-204.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kongchan, C. (2012). How a Non-Digital-Native Teacher Makes Use of Edmodo. ICT  for Language Learning (5th ed.). Retrieved from https://conference.pixel-online.net/

Trap Structure of Utricularia Australis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trap Structure of Utricularia Australis - Essay Example Alkhalaf Et.al (2008) further points out that most the Utricularia australis normally colonizes open habitats with scarce macronutrients and in turn compensate this deficiency through attracting, trapping and subsequently digesting small animals from which they derive nitrogenous nutrients. The bladderworts (Utricularia sp) are characterized by possession of some rather tremendously complex structures used for trapping known as suction bladders (Alkhalaf, Hubener, & Porembski, 2009). These highly specialized suction bladders are also responsible for digestion as well as absorption of captured prey. Utricularia tend to grow in marshy habitat, in streaming water or stationary water extending their roots up to several meters below water surface (Davis, 2003). Just as the species name suggest, they are mainly found in some parts of Western Australia, South wales as well as Victoria and Tasmania. The structure of the Trap The suction traps are discoid in shape and hollow with a foliar ori gin. Their hollow cavity with an average length of about 2.5mm, referred to as the bladder, is filled with water. The bladder is made of a wall thickness of two cells (Adamec, Functional characteristics of traps of aquatic carnivorous Utricularia species, 2011). In the two differing layers of cells, cells in the inner layer are elongated and arranged in a radial manner around the hinge region centrally located. These cells appear to be in concentric circular lines that reveals a constriction of the cells within this region. Thus these constrictions have been deemed to act as pre-folds to increase flexibility in opening and closing the trap door. The bladder also has a glandular layer with a variety of glands as well as trichomes which are also located on the outer surface of the bladder. From the roof of the bladder, there is a beak-like extension that forms a canopy over the entrance curving downwards frontwards such that the base of the beak-like canopy is opposite the base of the trap. The entrance of the bladder is tubular with a very much in-slopping-like door. Similarly, on the external side of the trap door there are trigger hairs, which when touched by a prey organism, they stimulate the opening of the trap door thereby making the prey to suctioned into the trap before the door closes again to create a water tight seal (Adamec, Photosynthetic CO2 af?nity of the aquatic carnivorous plant Utricularia australis (Lentibulariaceae) and its investment in carnivory, 2009). In Utrucularia austali, the traps are regarded to be of great structural and energetic benefit. They normally alter the percentage of the trap biomass depending on their certain habitat factors such availability of prey (Adamec, Sirova, Vrba, & Rejmankova, 2010). As a matter of fact, nearly 55% of the plant’s total biomass is formed by the traps. Both the internal and external glands serve to secrete mucilage that attracts organisms into the traps. This is the case especially when ca pturing the free floating phytoplankton that cannot move by themselves. It has been documented that in some instances, the traps establishes a mutual existence with some of the captured preys especially phytoplankton, where the traps serve as safe habitats to the phytoplankton whereas the latter provides the plant with nitrogenous products released by these organisms (Alkhalaf, Hubener, & Porembski, 2009). Development of trap In terms of the developmental stage of the trap, Adamec (2009) points out that traps begin to form as early as possible since they form a very basic organ. This is the case because their chlorophyll

Mechanistic Design for SEI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 8

Mechanistic Design for SEI - Essay Example They do not have to arrange a meeting with a boss to discuss the internal problems in their teams to consult on the issues what team should they join now. As branches of a tree do not ask permission from a tree to grow in any direction they ‘consider’ appropriate, employees behave the same. Â  Secondly, employees are mobile in choosing the place of work. In traditional organizations with bureaucracy and mechanic approaches to organization design, usually, CEO or his executive vice-presidents are those responsible for changing roles and consequently places of work of employees. A change of a place from a typical ‘box-like’ office to a private office is considered a big success and cannot be achieved only by internal motives of an employee. However, SEI being involved in a kind of business where they have to compete by the power of brains of their employees understands that the better its employees perform the better performs SEI. So, if changing the physical place of work might stimulate the productivity of a particular worker, so be it. According to a case study, employees in SEI usually change the physical place of work up to two times a year (West, and Wind, 27). They do it themselves, without requesting permission, because management empowers them as if they were owners. The same we can find in nature. Bees, for example, have no directions from their queen where particularly should they pollinate flowers, so they ‘have their own ideas’ were to do it. However, they know and understand the ‘corporate’ rules and goals of the hive. Pollen should be delivered no matter from where. They are free to choose the location of their ‘work’ and the same could be said towards the employees in SEI (within reasonable limits, of course). Â